Pigments for electrophoretic displays

ABSTRACT

A polysiloxane-substituted quinacridone pigment is produced by a quinacridone pigment with an epoxy-terminated polysiloxane under conditions effective to cause the epoxy group on the polysiloxane to react with, and bond the polysiloxane to, the quinacridone pigment. The quinacridone pigment thus produced has the polysiloxane grouping bonded to one of the quinacridone nitrogen atoms via a hydrocarbon linking group, which bears a hydroxyl group on a carbon atom α or β to the quinacridone nitrogen atom. These quinacridone pigments are useful in electrophoretic displays.

REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application is a divisional application of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 16/234,363, filed on Dec. 27, 2018 (Publication No. 2019/0203051), which claims priority to provisional Application Ser. No. 62/612,385, filed on Dec. 30, 2017.

This application is related to:

-   -   (a) U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,822,782 and 7,411,720;     -   (b) U.S. Pat. No. 9,752,034;     -   (c) U.S. Pat. No. 9,697,778; and     -   (d) U.S. Pat. No. 9,921,451.

The entire contents of these patents and copending application, and of all other U.S. patents and published and copending applications mentioned below, are herein incorporated by reference.

BACKGROUND OF INVENTION

This invention relates to pigments for use in electrophoretic displays, and to electrophoretic media and displays containing such pigments. The pigments of the present invention are especially, although not exclusively, intended for use in electrophoretic displays capable of rendering more than two colors using a single layer of electrophoretic medium comprising a plurality of colored particles.

The term “gray state” is used herein in its conventional meaning in the imaging art to refer to a state intermediate two extreme optical states of a pixel, and does not necessarily imply a black-white transition between these two extreme states. For example, several of the E Ink patents and published applications referred to below describe electrophoretic displays in which the extreme states are white and deep blue, so that an intermediate “gray state” would actually be pale blue. Indeed, as already mentioned, the change in optical state may not be a color change at all. The terms “black” and “white” may be used hereinafter to refer to the two extreme optical states of a display, and should be understood as normally including extreme optical states which are not strictly black and white, for example the aforementioned white and dark blue states.

The terms “bistable” and “bistability” are used herein in their conventional meaning in the art to refer to displays comprising display elements having first and second display states differing in at least one optical property, and such that after any given element has been driven, by means of an addressing pulse of finite duration, to assume either its first or second display state, after the addressing pulse has terminated, that state will persist for at least several times, for example at least four times, the minimum duration of the addressing pulse required to change the state of the display element. It is shown in U.S. Pat. No. 7,170,670 that some particle-based electrophoretic displays capable of gray scale are stable not only in their extreme black and white states but also in their intermediate gray states, and the same is true of some other types of electro-optic displays. This type of display is properly called “multi-stable” rather than bistable, although for convenience the term “bistable” may be used herein to cover both bistable and multi-stable displays.

Particle-based electrophoretic displays have been the subject of intense research and development for a number of years. In such displays, a plurality of charged particles (sometimes referred to as pigment particles) move through a fluid under the influence of an electric field. Electrophoretic displays can have attributes of good brightness and contrast, wide viewing angles, state bistability, and low power consumption when compared with liquid crystal displays. Nevertheless, problems with the long-term image quality of these displays have prevented their widespread usage. For example, particles that make up electrophoretic displays tend to settle, resulting in inadequate service-life for these displays.

As noted above, electrophoretic media require the presence of a fluid. In most prior art electrophoretic media, this fluid is a liquid, but electrophoretic media can be produced using gaseous fluids; see, for example, Kitamura, T., et al., “Electrical toner movement for electronic paper-like display”, IDW Japan, 2001, Paper HCS1-1, and Yamaguchi, Y, et al., “Toner display using insulative particles charged triboelectrically”, IDW Japan, 2001, Paper AMD4-4). See also U.S. Pat. Nos. 7,321,459 and 7,236,291. Such gas-based electrophoretic media appear to be susceptible to the same types of problems due to particle settling as liquid-based electrophoretic media, when the media are used in an orientation which permits such settling, for example in a sign where the medium is disposed in a vertical plane. Indeed, particle settling appears to be a more serious problem in gas-based electrophoretic media than in liquid-based ones, since the lower viscosity of gaseous suspending fluids as compared with liquid ones allows more rapid settling of the electrophoretic particles.

Numerous patents and applications assigned to or in the names of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), E Ink Corporation, E Ink California, LLC. and related companies describe various technologies used in encapsulated and microcell electrophoretic and other electro-optic media. Encapsulated electrophoretic media comprise numerous small capsules, each of which itself comprises an internal phase containing electrophoretically-mobile particles in a fluid medium, and a capsule wall surrounding the internal phase. Typically, the capsules are themselves held within a polymeric binder to form a coherent layer positioned between two electrodes. In a microcell electrophoretic display, the charged particles and the fluid are not encapsulated within microcapsules but instead are retained within a plurality of cavities formed within a carrier medium, typically a polymeric film. The technologies described in these patents and applications include:

(a) Electrophoretic particles, fluids and fluid additives; see for example U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,961,804; 6,017,584; 6,120,588; 6,120,839; 6,262,706; 6,262,833; 6,300,932; 6,323,989; 6,377,387; 6,515,649; 6,538,801; 6,580,545; 6,652,075; 6,693,620; 6,721,083; 6,727,881; 6,822,782; 6,831,771; 6,870,661; 6,927,892; 6,956,690; 6,958,849; 7,002,728; 7,038,655; 7,052,766; 7,110,162; 7,113,323; 7,141,688; 7,142,351; 7,170,670; 7,180,649; 7,226,550; 7,230,750; 7,230,751; 7,236,290; 7,247,379; 7,277,218; 7,286,279; 7,312,916; 7,375,875; 7,382,514; 7,390,901; 7,411,720; 7,473,782; 7,532,388; 7,532,389; 7,572,394; 7,576,904; 7,580,180; 7,679,814; 7,746,544; 7,767,112; 7,848,006; 7,903,319; 7,951,938; 8,018,640; 8,115,729; 8,199,395; 8,257,614; 8,270,064; 8,305,341; 8,361,620; 8,363,306; 8,390,918; 8,582,196; 8,593,718; 8,654,436; 8,902,491; 8,961,831; 9,052,564; 9,114,663; 9,158,174; 9,341,915; 9,348,193; 9,361,836; 9,366,935; 9,372,380; 9,382,427; and 9,423,666; and U.S. Patent Applications Publication Nos. 2003/0048522; 2003/0151029; 2003/0164480; 2003/0169227; 2003/0197916; 2004/0030125; 2005/0012980; 2005/0136347; 2006/0132896; 2006/0281924; 2007/0268567; 2009/0009852; 2009/0206499; 2009/0225398; 2010/0148385; 2011/0217639; 2012/0049125; 2012/0112131; 2013/0161565; 2013/0193385; 2013/0244149; 2014/0011913; 2014/0078024; 2014/0078573; 2014/0078576; 2014/0078857; 2014/0104674; 2014/0231728; 2014/0339481; 2014/0347718; 2015/0015932; 2015/0177589; 2015/0177590; 2015/0185509; 2015/0218384; 2015/0241754; 2015/0248045; 2015/0301425; 2015/0378236; 2016/0139483; and 2016/0170106;

(b) Capsules, binders and encapsulation processes; see for example U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,922,276 and 7,411,719;

(c) Microcell structures, wall materials, and methods of forming microcells; see for example U.S. Pat. Nos. 7,072,095 and 9,279,906;

(d) Methods for filling and sealing microcells; see for example U.S. Pat. Nos. 7,144,942 and 7,715,088;

(e) Films and sub-assemblies containing electro-optic materials; see for example U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,982,178 and 7,839,564;

(f) Backplanes, adhesive layers and other auxiliary layers and methods used in displays; see for example U.S. Pat. Nos. 7,116,318 and 7,535,624;

(g) Color formation and color adjustment; see for example U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,017,584; 6,545,797; 6,664,944; 6,788,452; 6,864,875; 6,914,714; 6,972,893; 7,038,656; 7,038,670; 7,046,228; 7,052,571; 7,075,502; 7,167,155; 7,385,751; 7,492,505; 7,667,684; 7,684,108; 7,791,789; 7,800,813; 7,821,702; 7,839,564; 7,910,175; 7,952,790; 7,956,841; 7,982,941; 8,040,594; 8,054,526; 8,098,418; 8,159,636; 8,213,076; 8,363,299; 8,422,116; 8,441,714; 8,441,716; 8,466,852; 8,503,063; 8,576,470; 8,576,475; 8,593,721; 8,605,354; 8,649,084; 8,670,174; 8,704,756; 8,717,664; 8,786,935; 8,797,634; 8,810,899; 8,830,559; 8,873,129; 8,902,153; 8,902,491; 8,917,439; 8,964,282; 9,013,783; 9,116,412; 9,146,439; 9,164,207; 9,170,467; 9,170,468; 9,182,646; 9,195,111; 9,199,441; 9,268,191; 9,285,649; 9,293,511; 9,341,916; 9,360,733; 9,361,836; 9,383,623; and 9,423,666; and U.S. Patent Applications Publication Nos. 2008/0043318; 2008/0048970; 2009/0225398; 2010/0156780; 2011/0043543; 2012/0326957; 2013/0242378; 2013/0278995; 2014/0055840; 2014/0078576; 2014/0340430; 2014/0340736; 2014/0362213; 2015/0103394; 2015/0118390; 2015/0124345; 2015/0198858; 2015/0234250; 2015/0268531; 2015/0301246; 2016/0011484; 2016/0026062; 2016/0048054; 2016/0116816; 2016/0116818; and 2016/0140909;

(h) Methods for driving displays; see for example U.S. Pat. Nos. 7,012,600 and 7,453,445; and

(i) Applications of displays; see for example U.S. Pat. Nos. 7,312,784 and 8,009,348.

Many of the aforementioned patents and applications recognize that the walls surrounding the discrete microcapsules in an encapsulated electrophoretic medium could be replaced by a continuous phase, thus producing a so-called polymer-dispersed electrophoretic display, in which the electrophoretic medium comprises a plurality of discrete droplets of an electrophoretic fluid and a continuous phase of a polymeric material, and that the discrete droplets of electrophoretic fluid within such a polymer-dispersed electrophoretic display may be regarded as capsules or microcapsules even though no discrete capsule membrane is associated with each individual droplet; see for example, the aforementioned U.S. Pat. No. 6,866,760. Accordingly, for purposes of the present application, such polymer-dispersed electrophoretic media are regarded as sub-species of encapsulated electrophoretic media.

Although electrophoretic media are often opaque (since, for example, in many electrophoretic media, the particles substantially block transmission of visible light through the display) and operate in a reflective mode, many electrophoretic displays can be made to operate in a so-called “shutter mode” in which one display state is substantially opaque and one is light-transmissive. See, for example, U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,872,552; 6,130,774; 6,144,361; 6,172,798; 6,271,823; 6,225,971; and 6,184,856. Dielectrophoretic displays, which are similar to electrophoretic displays but rely upon variations in electric field strength, can operate in a similar mode; see U.S. Pat. No. 4,418,346. Other types of electro-optic displays may also be capable of operating in shutter mode. Electro-optic media operating in shutter mode may be useful in multi-layer structures for full color displays; in such structures, at least one layer adjacent the viewing surface of the display operates in shutter mode to expose or conceal a second layer more distant from the viewing surface.

An encapsulated electrophoretic display typically does not suffer from the clustering and settling failure mode of traditional electrophoretic devices and provides further advantages, such as the ability to print or coat the display on a wide variety of flexible and rigid substrates. (Use of the word “printing” is intended to include all forms of printing and coating, including, but without limitation: pre-metered coatings such as patch die coating, slot or extrusion coating, slide or cascade coating, curtain coating; roll coating such as knife over roll coating, forward and reverse roll coating; gravure coating; dip coating; spray coating; meniscus coating; spin coating; brush coating; air knife coating; silk screen printing processes; electrostatic printing processes; thermal printing processes; ink jet printing processes; electrophoretic deposition (See U.S. Pat. No. 7,339,715); and other similar techniques.) Thus, the resulting display can be flexible. Further, because the display medium can be printed (using a variety of methods), the display itself can be made inexpensively.

Most simple prior art electrophoretic media essentially display only two colors. Such electrophoretic media either use a single type of electrophoretic particle having a first color in a colored fluid having a second, different color (in which case, the first color is displayed when the particles lie adjacent the viewing surface of the display and the second color is displayed when the particles are spaced from the viewing surface), or first and second types of electrophoretic particles having differing first and second colors in an uncolored fluid (in which case, the first color is displayed when the first type of particles lie adjacent the viewing surface of the display and the second color is displayed when the second type of particles lie adjacent the viewing surface). Typically the two colors are black and white. If a full color display is desired, a color filter array may be deposited over the viewing surface of the monochrome (black and white) display. Displays with color filter arrays rely on area sharing and color blending to create color stimuli. The available display area is shared between three or four primary colors such as red/green/blue (RGB) or red/green/blue/white (RGBW), and the filters can be arranged in one-dimensional (stripe) or two-dimensional (2×2) repeat patterns. Other choices of primary colors or more than three primaries are also known in the art. The three (in the case of RGB displays) or four (in the case of RGBW displays) sub-pixels are chosen small enough so that at the intended viewing distance they visually blend together to a single pixel with a uniform color stimulus (‘color blending’). The inherent disadvantage of area sharing is that the colors are always present, and colors can only be modulated by switching the corresponding pixels of the underlying monochrome display to white or black (switching the corresponding primary colors on or off). For example, in an ideal RGBW display, each of the red, green, blue and white primaries occupy one fourth of the display area (one sub-pixel out of four), with the white sub-pixel being as bright as the underlying monochrome display white, and each of the colored sub-pixels being no lighter than one third of the monochrome display white. The brightness of the white color shown by the display as a whole cannot be more than one half of the brightness of the white sub-pixel (white areas of the display are produced by displaying the one white sub-pixel out of each four, plus each colored sub-pixel in its colored form being equivalent to one third of a white sub-pixel, so the three colored sub-pixels combined contribute no more than the one white sub-pixel). The brightness and saturation of colors is lowered by area-sharing with color pixels switched to black. Area sharing is especially problematic when mixing yellow because it is lighter than any other color of equal brightness, and saturated yellow is almost as bright as white. Switching the blue pixels (one fourth of the display area) to black makes the yellow too dark.

Multilayer, stacked electrophoretic displays are known in the art; see, for example, J. Heikenfeld, P. Drzaic, J-S Yeo and T. Koch, Journal of the SID, 19(2), 2011, pp. 129-156. In such displays, ambient light passes through images in each of the three subtractive primary colors, in precise analogy with conventional color printing. U.S. Pat. No. 6,727,873 describes a stacked electrophoretic display in which three layers of switchable cells are placed over a reflective background. Similar displays are known in which colored particles are moved laterally (see International Application No. WO 2008/065605) or, using a combination of vertical and lateral motion, sequestered into micropits. In both cases, each layer is provided with electrodes that serve to concentrate or disperse the colored particles on a pixel-by-pixel basis, so that each of the three layers requires a layer of thin-film transistors (TFT's) (two of the three layers of TFT's must be substantially transparent) and a light-transmissive counter-electrode. Such a complex arrangement of electrodes is costly to manufacture, and in the present state of the art it is difficult to provide an adequately transparent plane of pixel electrodes, especially as the white state of the display must be viewed through several layers of electrodes. Multi-layer displays also suffer from parallax problems as the thickness of the display stack approaches or exceeds the pixel size.

U.S. Pat. Nos. 8,576,476 and 8,797,634 describe multicolor electrophoretic displays having a single back plane comprising independently addressable pixel electrodes and a common, light-transmissive front electrode. Between the back plane and the front electrode is disposed a plurality of electrophoretic layers. Displays described in these applications are capable of rendering any of the primary colors (red, green, blue, cyan, magenta, yellow, white and black) at any pixel location. However, there are disadvantages to the use of multiple electrophoretic layers located between a single set of addressing electrodes. The electric field experienced by the particles in a particular layer is lower than would be the case for a single electrophoretic layer addressed with the same voltage. In addition, optical losses in an electrophoretic layer closest to the viewing surface (for example, caused by light scattering or unwanted absorption) may affect the appearance of images formed in underlying electrophoretic layers.

Multi-color electrophoretic displays comprising only a single layer of electrophoretic medium containing from three to six different types of particles have been described in the art; see, for example, US 2015/0103394; US 2015/0097877; US 2016/0085132; US 2016/0140909; US 2016/0275874; and U.S. Pat. Nos. 8,031,392; 8,717,664; 9,170,468; 9,285,649; 9,513,527; 9,514,814; and 9,671,668. Most if not all these single layer displays depend for their operation upon close control of the interactions between the various types of particles so that the electro-optic response of the medium to an applied electric field varies with the magnitude of the electric field as well as its polarity. For example, in the display shown in FIG. 2 of U.S. Pat. No. 8,717,664, a driving voltage of +15V produces a black color, whereas a driving voltage of +5V produces a red color.

Obviously, in this type of multi-color display, it is highly unlikely that one will be able to find a set of particles having all the desired colors and particle interactions, and in practice it is normally necessary to provide some type of coating, typically a polymeric coating, on at least some of the particles to control the particle interactions. There is of course an extensive literature on coating electrophoretic particles with polymers. The aforementioned U.S. Pat. No. 6,822,782 (which is primarily concerned with monochrome displays) describes an electrophoretic medium comprising a plurality of pigment particles suspended in a suspending fluid, the pigment particles having from about 1 to about 15 percent by weight of the pigment of a polymer chemically bonded to, or cross-linked around, the pigment particles.

U.S. Pat. No. 9,688,859 describes a process for treatment of pigment particles having surfaces bearing nucleophilic groups; the pigment particles are contacted with a reagent having a polymerizable or polymerization-initiating group, and at least one electrophilic group under conditions which cause the electrophilic groups to react with the nucleophilic groups on the particle surfaces, thus attaching the polymerizable or polymerization-initiating group to the particle surface. The polymerizable or polymerization-initiating group is then used to form a polymer attached to pigment particle. Among the pigments so treated are dimethylquinacridone pigments.

U.S. Pat. No. 5,725,651 describes N-alkylated quinacridone pigments with primary alkyl chains ranging from 1 to 18 carbons in length, and a process for producing such quinacridone pigments by subjecting a quinacridone to an N-deprotonation reaction followed by an alkylation. Alkylation of quinacridones is also described in “Alkyl and Dendron Substituted Quinacridones: Synthesis, Structures, and Luminescent Properties” J. Phys. Chem. B 2007, 111, 5082-5089.

The aforementioned U.S. Pat. No. 9,752,034 describes quinacridone pigments that are surface-functionalized with glycidyl methacrylate, maleic anhydride, or 4-methacryloxyethyl trimellitic anhydride to create a functionalized pigment. The functional groups are then activated to bond hydrophobic polymers, thereby coating the pigment with the hydrophobic polymers.

The various processes for producing polymer-coated pigments described in the four preceding paragraphs all require at least a two step synthesis; in most cases, the first step introduces a polymerizable or polymerization-initiating group on to the pigment, while the second step creates a polymeric chain from the polymerizable or polymerization-initiating group. Furthermore, since many polymer-forming steps give rise to polymer chains the length of which vary greatly with reaction conditions and/or between different polymer particles, the lengths of the polymer chains are likely to vary substantially. If copolymer chains are formed, the chemical composition of individual chains may also vary substantially. Such variations in polymer chains may affect both the particle-particle interactions and the interactions between the particles and the fluid, and either effect may cause variations in the electro-optic response of the particles and consequently of the display.

The present invention provides a single step process for attaching a polymer chain to a pigment particle. Provided a monodisperse pigment chain is used, polymer coatings with a narrow molecular weight distribution can be obtained.

SUMMARY OF INVENTION

Accordingly, this invention provides a process for producing a polysiloxane-substituted quinacridone pigment, which process comprises reacting the quinacridone pigment with an epoxy-terminated polysiloxane under conditions effective to cause the epoxy group on the polysiloxane to react with, and bond the polysiloxane to, the quinacridone pigment.

In this process, the polysiloxane may be a polydimethylsiloxane or other polydialkylsiloxane. The polysiloxane chain may have a molecular weight in the range of about 3000 to about 30,000. The epoxy group may form part of an epoxyalkyl ether grouping or an epoxycycloalkyl grouping. Specific preferred epoxy-terminated polysiloxanes include mono-(2,3-expoxy)propylether terminated polydimethylsiloxane, asymmetric, of the formula:

(available commercially as Gelest MCR-E21 from Gelest, Inc., 1 Progress Drive, Morrisville Pa. 19067) and [2-3% (epoxycyclohexylethyl)methylsiloxane]-dimethylsiloxane copolymer:

(available commercially as Gelest ECMS-227).

The quinacridone pigments used in the process of the present invention may be, for example of Formula I below:

wherein each R independently is a hydrogen, C₁-C₃ alkyl group, or a halogen. Preferably both groups R are methyl groups. Other quinacridones may also be treated using the techniques described herein. One specific preferred quinacridone material for use in the present process is a pre-milled combination of Pigment Violet 19 (CAS #1047-16-1) and Pigment Red 122 (CAS #980-26-7) commercially available from Clariant (Basel, Switzerland) as Ink Jet Magenta E 02 VP2621.

It will be appreciated that, in the process of the present invention, the epoxy ring on the polysiloxane may open in two directions. Typically, there is little energy difference in the two possible reactions, so that the product obtained is a mixture of two isomers, one with a hydroxyl group α to the quinacridone nitrogen and the other with the hydroxyl group β to the quinacridone nitrogen. The pigments of the present invention are primarily intended for use in electrophoretic displays, and in this application use of the mixture of isomers is satisfactory, since the primary function of the polysiloxane grouping is to assist the dispersion of the quinacridone pigment in the non-aqueous hydrophobic fluids (typically light hydrocarbons of about 6 to 8 carbon atoms) used in most commercial electrophoretic displays, and for this purpose the exact form of the linking group and its hydroxyl substituent is largely irrelevant. Should it be necessary to separate the isomers for other uses, those skilled in the synthesis of quinacridone pigments will be aware of conventional techniques, such as preparative chromatography, which may be used to separate the isomers.

This invention also extends to a polysiloxane-substituted quinacridone pigment in which a polysiloxane grouping is bonded to one of the quinacridone nitrogen atoms via a hydrocarbon linking group, the hydrocarbon linking group bearing a hydroxyl group on a carbon atom α or β to the quinacridone nitrogen atom. Preferred polysiloxane-substituted quinacridone pigments of this type are those represented by the formula:

where L is a hydrocarbon linking group, Sil is a polysiloxane grouping and the broken line indicated that the hydroxyl substituent is attached to a carbon atom α or β to the quinacridone nitrogen atom.

This invention also extends to an electrophoretic medium comprising particles of a pigment of the present invention, or produced by the process of the present invention, dispersed in a fluid. Such an electrophoretic medium may comprise at least two other types of pigment particles in addition to the particles of the pigment of the present invention, the three types of particles having colors differing from each other. The electrophoretic medium may be of the type described in the aforementioned US 2016/0085132 and comprise, in addition to the fluid,

-   -   (a) a plurality of first and a plurality of second particles         dispersed in the fluid the first and second particles bearing         charges of opposite polarity, the first particle being a         light-scattering particle and the second particle having one of         the subtractive primary colors; and     -   (b) a plurality of third and a plurality of fourth particles         dispersed in the fluid, the third and fourth particles bearing         charges of opposite polarity, the third and fourth particles         each having a subtractive primary color different from each         other and from the second particles,         -   wherein the electric field required to separate an aggregate             formed by the third and the fourth types of particles is             greater than that required to separate an aggregate formed             from any other two types of particles.

Alternatively, the electrophoretic medium may comprise, in addition to the fluid:

-   -   (a) a plurality of first and a plurality of fourth particles         dispersed in the fluid the first and fourth particles bearing         charges of opposite polarity and each having a polymer coating         comprising at least about 60 percent by weight of an acrylate or         methacrylate ester monomer wherein the ester group comprises a         hydrocarbon chain comprising at least about six carbon atoms,         one of the first and fourth particles being a light-scattering         particle and the other of the first and fourth particles being a         substantially non-light-scattering particle having one of the         subtractive primary colors;     -   (b) a plurality of second particles dispersed in the fluid, the         second particles bearing charges of the same polarity as the         fourth particles, having a polymer coating comprising at least         about 60 percent by weight of a polydimethylsiloxane-containing         monomer, and having a subtractive primary color different from         the substantially non-light-scattering one of the first and         fourth particles, the second particles being pigment particles         of the present invention; and     -   (c) a plurality of third particles bearing charges of the same         polarity as the first particles, being substantially non-light         scattering and having a subtractive primary color different from         the substantially non-light-scattering one of the first and         fourth particles and different from that of the second         particles.

This invention also provides an electrophoretic display comprising a layer of an electrophoretic medium of the invention and at least one electrode disposed adjacent the layer of electrophoretic medium and arranged to apply an electric field thereto.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF DRAWINGS

FIGS. 1-5 of the accompanying drawings are color maps of the a*b* plane (in the conventional L*a*b* color space) showing the colors obtainable from various full color electrophoretic media of the present invention and similar prior art media, as described in the Examples below.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

As indicated above, the present invention provides a process for producing a polysiloxane-substituted quinacridone pigment, which process comprises reacting the quinacridone pigment with a epoxy-terminated polysiloxane under conditions effective to cause the epoxy group on the polysiloxane to react with, and bond the polysiloxane to, the quinacridone pigment, and the pigments so produced, and electrophoretic media and displays using these pigments.

Also as noted above, multi-color electrophoretic displays comprising only a single layer of electrophoretic medium often depend for their operation upon close control of the interactions between the various types of particles. In particular, the electrophoretic medium described in the aforementioned US 2016/0085132 typically requires one particle (disclosed as the magenta particle) which has a polymer coating sufficient to enable the particle to be readily dispersed in the hydrocarbon fluids typically used in practical electrophoretic media but in which the polymeric layer is sufficiently sparse and the polymer chains themselves of sufficiently modest molecular weight to yield loosely flocculated dispersions in such hydrocarbon solvents in the absence of an added charge control agent (CCA). Such loosely flocculated hydrocarbon dispersions have a high viscosity with a consistency resembling that of tomato bisque. If one attempts to synthesize such pigments via prior art processes involving first attaching a polymerizable or polymerization-initiating group to the pigment particle and then effecting polymerization at the site of the polymerizable or polymerization-initiating group, it may be difficult to provide sufficiently accurate control of the molecular weights of the polymer chains so produced and/or the spread of molecular weights among polymer chains may be too large, with adverse effects on the properties of the polymer-coated pigment, or excessively variation between lots of the pigment. By attaching a pre-formed polymer chain directly to the pigment in a single step, the present invention allows very close control of the molecular weights of the polymer chains to provide consistent electro-optic properties and reduced variation between pigment lots.

The following Examples are now given, though by way of illustration only, to show details of preferred reagents, conditions and techniques used in the process of the present invention, and the properties of the resultant pigments.

Example 1

Ink Jet Magenta E02 (available from Clariant—1 part by weight) was added to ethyl acetate (approximately 7.8 parts by weight) and the resultant pigment dispersion was mixed under high shear and transferred to a 250 mL round bottom flask. Mono-(2,3-expoxy)propylether terminated polydimethylsiloxane, asymmetric (Gelest MCR-E21 molecular weight approximately 5000-about 1 part by weight) was added to the flask and the resultant mixture was allowed to react overnight under nitrogen at 46° C. The polymer-coated pigment was then removed from the flask, and washed and centrifuged several times to yield the final product.

The resultant pigment was dispersed in Isopar (Registered Trade Mark) G hydrocarbon fluid to produce a 15.8 percent w/v dispersion. This dispersion was diluted with additional Isopar G and 50 percent by weight (based on the weight of the pigment) of Solsperse (Registered Trade Mark) 19K charge control agent was added to produce a dispersion containing 5 percent by weight solids. The zeta potential of this dispersion was measured in a standard test cell as +21 mV; in contrast, a prior art magenta pigment produced as described in the aforementioned US 2016/0085132 using the conventional two-step process as measured as approximately +40-50 mV under the same conditions.

Example 2

Ink Jet Magenta E02 (1 part by weight) was added to ethyl acetate (approximately 7 parts by weight) and the resultant pigment dispersion was mixed under high shear and transferred to a 250 mL round bottom flask. [2-3% (epoxycyclohexylethyl)methylsiloxane]-dimethylsiloxane copolymer (Gelest ECMS-227 molecular weight approximately 18000-20000—about 1 part by weight) was added to the flask and the resultant mixture was allowed to react overnight under nitrogen at 46° C. The polymer-coated pigment was then removed from the flask, and washed and centrifuged several times to yield the final product.

The resultant pigment was dispersed in Isopar G hydrocarbon fluid to produce a 15 percent w/v dispersion. This dispersion was diluted with additional Isopar G and 50 percent by weight (based on the weight of the pigment) of Solsperse 19K charge control agent was added to produce a dispersion containing 5 percent by weight solids. The zeta potential of this dispersion was measured in a standard test cell as +22 mV.

Example 3: Color Gamut Tests

The pigment prepared in Example 1 above were formulated into multi-color electrophoretic media substantially as described in Example 13 of the aforementioned US 2016/0085132, using magenta pigments loadings of 3 and 3.5 percent by weight. A control medium was prepared using the prior art pigment used in Example 13. The media were driven at all eight colors as described in Example 13 and the average dsNAP and a maximum color gamut were calculated for each pigment. The results are shown in Table 1 below and are plotted in FIGS. 1-3 .

TABLE 1 Magenta Average Max Pigment R G B Y C M W K dSNAP Gamut Ex. 1, 3% 7 8 3 7 21 10 13 2 8.88 125551 Ex. 1, 3.5% 12 0 4 4 11 12 5 6 6.75 121560 Control 10 6 2 1 15 4 3 3 5.50 146623

From Table 1 and FIGS. 1-3 , it will be seen that both media containing a magenta pigment of the present invention gave a magenta saturation greater than that of the medium containing the prior art magenta pigment, and a comparable color gamut, even though the magenta pigment of Example 1 was used exactly as first prepared and no formulation optimization was performed.

In a second series of experiments, the pigment prepared in Example 2 above was formulated into a multi-color electrophoretic medium substantially as described in Example 13 of the aforementioned US 2016/0085132, using a magenta pigment loading of 3 percent by weight. A control medium was prepared using the prior art pigment used in Example 13. The media were driven at all eight colors as described in Example 13 and the average dsNAP and a maximum color gamut were calculated for each pigment. The results are shown in Table 2 below and are plotted in FIGS. 4 and 5 .

TABLE 2 Magenta Average Max Pigment R G B Y C M W K dSNAP Gamut Control 6 10 1 8 11 7 6 3 6.50 104207 Ex. 2, 3% 13 10 5 9 17 8 11 1 9.25 115953

From Table 2 and FIGS. 4 and 5 , it will be seen that the media containing the magenta pigment of the present invention gave a magenta saturation greater than that of the medium containing the prior art magenta pigment, and a slightly larger color gamut, even though the magenta pigment of Example 2 was used exactly as first prepared and no formulation optimization was performed.

From the foregoing, it will be seen that the present invention can provide a simple, single-step method of attaching polymer chains of varying molecular weights to quinacridone pigments. The resulting pigment sets allow fine tuning of the interaction energies of the magenta pigment with itself and with other pigments in multi-color single layer electrophoretic displays.

It will be apparent to those skilled in the art that numerous changes and modifications can be made in the specific embodiments of the invention described above without departing from the scope of the invention. Accordingly, the whole of the foregoing description is to be interpreted in an illustrative and not in a limitative sense. 

I claim:
 1. A process for producing a quinacridone pigment having a polysiloxane-substituted quinacridone on the pigment surface, which process comprises adding an epoxy-terminated polysiloxane into a dispersion of quinacridone pigment in an organic solvent causing the epoxy group of the epoxy-terminated polysiloxane to react with a nitrogen atom of the quinacridone pigment forming the polysiloxane-substituted quinacridone of the formula

where L is a hydrocarbon linking group or a 3-alkoxypropyl linking group, Sil is a polysiloxane grouping and the broken line indicates that the hydroxyl substituent is attached to a carbon atom β to the quinacridone nitrogen atom, wherein R is hydrogen, C₁-C₃ alkyl group, or a halogen.
 2. The process of claim 1 wherein the process for producing the quinacridone pigment involves a single reaction step.
 3. The process of claim 1 wherein the polysiloxane is a polydialkylsiloxane.
 4. The process of claim 1 wherein the polysiloxane has a molecular weight in the range of about 3,000 to about 30,000.
 5. The process of claim 1 wherein the epoxy group of the polysiloxane forms part of an epoxyalkyl ether grouping or an epoxycycloalkyl grouping.
 6. The process of claim 1 wherein the polysiloxane is of the formula:

wherein n is integer.
 7. The process of claim 1 wherein the polysiloxane is of the formula:

wherein n and m are integers.
 8. The process of claim 1 wherein the quinacridone pigment used is of the formula:

wherein each R independently is a hydrogen, C₁-C₃ alkyl group, or a halogen.
 9. The process of claim 8 wherein both R groups are methyl groups.
 10. An electrophoretic medium comprising particles of a pigment, prepared by a process according to claim 1, dispersed in a fluid.
 11. The electrophoretic medium of claim 10 wherein the fluid comprises a hydrocarbon. 